Iterambere ryimikorere myiza, ibyuma byoroha na miniaturizasi ya gazi bigenda byiyongera mubijyanye no gukurikirana ibidukikije, umutekano, gusuzuma indwara n’ubuhinzi.Mu bikoresho bitandukanye byo gutahura, ibyuma-oxyde-semiconductor (MOS) ibyuma byangiza gaze ya chemo-birwanya guhitamo gukoreshwa mubucuruzi kubera guhagarara kwinshi, kugiciro gito, no kumva neza.Bumwe mu buryo bwingenzi bwo kurushaho kunoza imikorere ya sensor ni ugushiraho nanosize MOS ishingiye kuri heterojunctions (hetero-nanostructured MOS) kuva MOS nanomaterial.Nyamara, uburyo bwo kumva bwa sensor ya MOS ya heteronanostructures itandukanye nubwa sensor ya gaze imwe ya MOS, kuko iragoye cyane.Imikorere ya Sensor yibasiwe nibintu bitandukanye, harimo nibintu bya fiziki na chimique yibintu byoroshye (nkubunini bwingano, ubwinshi bw inenge, nubusa bwa ogisijeni yibintu), ubushyuhe bwimikorere, nuburyo ibikoresho.Iri suzuma ryerekana ibitekerezo byinshi byerekana igishushanyo mbonera cya gaze ikora isesengura uburyo bwo kumva ibyumviro bya MOS sensororo itandukanye.Byongeye kandi, haraganirwaho ingaruka zuburyo bwa geometrike yububiko, bugenwa nubusabane hagati yibintu byoroshye na electrode ikora.Kwiga imyitwarire ya sensor kuri gahunda, iyi ngingo itangiza kandi ikaganira kuburyo rusange bwo kwiyumvisha ibintu bitatu bisanzwe bya geometrike yibikoresho bishingiye kubikoresho bitandukanye bya heteronanostructures.Iyi ncamake izayobora nk'abasomyi b'ejo hazaza biga uburyo bworoshye bwa sensororo ya gaze kandi batezimbere ibyuma bikoresha ingufu nyinshi.
Guhumanya ikirere nikibazo gikomeye kandi nikibazo gikomeye cyibidukikije ku isi kibangamira imibereho yabantu n’ibinyabuzima.Guhumeka imyuka ihumanya ikirere irashobora gutera ibibazo byinshi byubuzima nkindwara zubuhumekero, kanseri yibihaha, leukemia ndetse nimpfu zidashyitse1,2,3,4.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2012 kugeza 2016, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bapfuye bazize ihumana ry’ikirere, kandi buri mwaka, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyari bahuye n’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere5.Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ibyuma byifashishwa bya gaze na miniaturike bishobora gutanga ibitekerezo-nyabyo hamwe nigikorwa cyo gutahura cyane (urugero, sensitivite, guhitamo, gutuza, no gusubiza hamwe nigihe cyo gukira).Usibye gukurikirana ibidukikije, ibyuma bya gaze bigira uruhare runini mumutekano6,7,8, kwisuzumisha kwa muganga9,10, ubworozi bw’amazi11 nizindi nzego12.
Kugeza ubu, hashyizweho ibyuma byinshi byifashishwa bya gaze bishingiye ku buryo butandukanye bwo kumva, nka optique13,14,15,16,17,18, amashanyarazi 19,20,21,22 hamwe na sensor zirwanya imiti 23,24.Muri byo, ibyuma-oxyde-semiconductor (MOS) ibyuma bifata ibyuma birwanya imiti nibyo bizwi cyane mubikorwa byubucuruzi kubera guhagarara kwinshi hamwe nigiciro gito 25,26.Imyanda yanduye irashobora kugenwa gusa no kumenya impinduka zo kurwanya MOS.Mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, hamenyekanye ibyuma bya gaze ya mbere ya chemo irwanya firime ishingiye kuri firime ZnO yoroheje, bituma abantu bashishikazwa cyane no kumenya gaze 27,28.Muri iki gihe, MOS nyinshi zitandukanye zikoreshwa nkibikoresho byorohereza gaze, kandi birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri ukurikije imiterere yumubiri wabo: n-ubwoko bwa MOS hamwe na electron nkubwinshi bwabatwara ibicuruzwa na p-bwoko bwa MOS hamwe nu mwobo nkubwinshi bwabatwara.abatwara ibicuruzwa.Muri rusange, p-ubwoko bwa MOS ntabwo bukunzwe cyane kuruta n-ubwoko bwa MOS kuko igisubizo cyivangura cyubwoko bwa p MOS (Sp) gihwanye numuzi wa kare wubwoko bwa MOS (\ (S_p = \ sqrt { S_n} \)) ku bitekerezo bimwe (urugero, imiterere imwe ya morphologie hamwe nimpinduka imwe muguhuza imirongo mu kirere) 29,30.Nyamara, sensor imwe imwe ya MOS iracyafite ibibazo nkibipimo bidahagije byo gutahura, ibyiyumvo buke no guhitamo mubikorwa bifatika.Ibibazo byo guhitamo birashobora gukemurwa murwego runaka mugukora imirongo ya sensor (bita "amazuru ya elegitoroniki") no gushiramo isesengura rya comptabilite yo kubara nko guhugura ibipimo byerekana umubare (LVQ), gusesengura ibice byingenzi (PCA), hamwe nisesengura ryibice bito (PLS )31, 32, 33, 34, 35 urugero MOS40,41,42, icyuma cyiza cya nanoparticles (NPs)) 43,44, carbone nanomaterials 45,46 hamwe na polymers ikora 47,48) kugirango habeho nanoscale itandukanye (ni ukuvuga MOS ya heteronanostructures MOS) nubundi buryo bwatoranijwe bwo gukemura ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru.Ugereranije na firime gakondo ya MOS yuzuye, MOS-ntoya ya MOS ifite ubuso bwihariye burashobora gutanga ibibanza bikora kuri adsorption kandi bikorohereza ikwirakwizwa rya gaze 36,37,49.Byongeye kandi, igishushanyo mbonera cya MOS gishingiye kuri heteronanostructures kirashobora kurushaho guhuza ubwikorezi bwabatwara kuri heterointerface, bikavamo impinduka nini mukurwanya bitewe nibikorwa bitandukanye bikora 50,51,52.Byongeye kandi, zimwe mungaruka za chimique (urugero, ibikorwa bya catalitiki hamwe nubuso bwa synergiste reaction) bibaho mugushushanya kwa MOS heteronanostructures birashobora kandi kunoza imikorere ya sensor.50,53,54 Nubwo gushushanya no guhimba MOS heteronanostructures byaba inzira itanga icyizere cyo kunoza imikorere ya sensor, ibyuma bigezweho bya chemo-birwanya gukoresha ibigeragezo namakosa, bitwara igihe kandi bidakora neza.Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwo kwiyumvisha ibyuka bya MOS bishingiye kuri gaze kuko bishobora kuyobora igishushanyo mbonera cyimikorere ihanitse.
Mu myaka yashize, ibyuma bya gaze ya MOS byateye imbere byihuse kandi raporo zimwe zasohotse kuri MOS nanostructures 55,56,57, ibyuma byerekana ubushyuhe bwicyumba cya 58,59, ibikoresho byihariye bya sensor ya MOS 60,61,62 hamwe na sensor yihariye ya63.Urupapuro rwisubiramo muyandi masuzuma rwibanze ku gusobanura uburyo bwo kumva ibyumviro bya gaze hashingiwe ku miterere y’umubiri n’imiti ya MOS, harimo uruhare rw’imyanya myuka ya ogisijeni 64, uruhare rwa heteronanostructures 55, 65 no kohereza amafaranga kuri heterointerface 66. Byongeye kandi , ibindi bipimo byinshi bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya sensor, harimo heterostructure, ingano yingano, ubushyuhe bwimikorere, ubucucike bwinenge, imyanya ya ogisijeni, ndetse nindege ifunguye kristu yibikoresho byoroshye 25,67,68,69,70,71.72. .Kurugero, Kumar n'abandi.77 yatangaje ibyuma bibiri bya gaze bishingiye ku bikoresho bimwe (urugero, ibyuma bya gaze ya gati ebyiri bishingiye kuri TiO2 @ NiO na NiO @ TiO2) kandi byabonye impinduka zitandukanye mu kurwanya gaze ya NH3 bitewe na geometrike itandukanye.Kubwibyo, iyo usesenguye uburyo bwo kumva gaze, ni ngombwa kuzirikana imiterere yigikoresho.Muri iri suzuma, abanditsi bibanze ku buryo bwa MOS bushingiye ku gutahura uburyo butandukanye bwa nanostructures hamwe nibikoresho byububiko.Twizera ko iri suzuma rishobora kuba umurongo ngenderwaho kubasomyi bifuza kumva no gusesengura uburyo bwo kumenya gaze kandi bishobora kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’imikorere ya gaze ikora neza.
Ku mutini.1a yerekana icyitegererezo cyuburyo bwimikorere ya gaze ishingiye kuri MOS imwe.Mugihe ubushyuhe buzamutse, adsorption ya molekile ya ogisijeni (O2) hejuru ya MOS izakurura electron ziva muri MOS hanyuma zikore ubwoko bwa anionic (nka O2- na O-).Hanyuma, electron depletion layer (EDL) kubwoko bwa n-MOS cyangwa igiteranyo cyo gukusanya umwobo (HAL) kubwoko bwa p-MOS noneho gikozwe hejuru ya MOS 15, 23, 78. Imikoranire hagati ya O2 na MOS itera umurongo wogutwara hejuru ya MOS kunama hejuru no gukora inzitizi.Icyakurikiyeho, iyo sensor ihuye na gaze yagenewe, gaze yamamajwe hejuru ya MOS ikorana nubwoko bwa ogisijeni ya ionic, haba gukurura electron (gaze okiside) cyangwa gutanga electron (kugabanya gaze).Ihererekanyabubasha rya elegitoronike hagati ya gaze igenewe na MOS irashobora guhindura ubugari bwa EDL cyangwa HAL30.81 bikavamo impinduka mukurwanya muri rusange kwa sensor ya MOS.Kurugero, kugirango gazi igabanuke, electron zizajya ziva mubigabanya gaze zijya mu bwoko bwa MOS, bikavamo EDL yo hasi hamwe no kurwanya hasi, ibyo bikaba byitwa imyitwarire yubwoko bwa sensor.Ibinyuranye, iyo p-bwoko bwa MOS ihuye na gaze igabanya imyitwarire yubwoko bwa p, HAL iragabanuka kandi kurwanya biriyongera kubera impano ya electron.Kuri okiside ya gaze, igisubizo cya sensor gihabanye nicyo kugabanya imyuka.
Uburyo bwibanze bwo gutahura ubwoko bwa n-na p-MOS yo kugabanya no guhumeka imyuka b Ibintu byingenzi nibintu bya fiziki-chimique cyangwa ibintu bifatika bigira uruhare muri sensororo ya gazi ya semiconductor 89
Usibye uburyo bwibanze bwo gutahura, uburyo bwo gutahura gaze bukoreshwa mubyuma bifata ibyuma biragoye.Kurugero, imikoreshereze nyayo ya sensor ya gaze igomba kuba yujuje ibisabwa byinshi (nka sensitivite, guhitamo, no gutuza) bitewe nibyo umukoresha akeneye.Ibi bisabwa bifitanye isano rya bugufi nibintu bya fiziki na chimique yibikoresho byoroshye.Kurugero, Xu et al.71 yerekanye ko sensor zishingiye kuri SnO2 zigera kuri sensibilité yo hejuru iyo diameter ya kirisiti (d) ingana cyangwa munsi yikubye kabiri uburebure bwa Debye (λD) bwa SnO271.Iyo d ≤ 2λD, SnO2 irashira burundu nyuma ya adsorption ya molekile ya O2, kandi igisubizo cya sensor kuri gaze igabanya ni kinini.Mubyongeyeho, ibindi bipimo bitandukanye birashobora kugira ingaruka kumikorere ya sensor, harimo ubushyuhe bwimikorere, inenge za kirisiti, ndetse nindege za kirisiti zerekana ibintu byumva.By'umwihariko, ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bwo gukora zisobanurwa n'amarushanwa ashobora kuba hagati y'ibipimo bya adsorption na desorption ya gaze yagenewe, ndetse n'ubuso bwakorewe hagati ya molekile ya gaze ya gaze na ogisijeni4,82.Ingaruka z'inenge za kirisiti zifitanye isano cyane n'ibiri mu myanya ya ogisijeni [83, 84].Imikorere ya sensor irashobora kandi guterwa nuburyo butandukanye bwimikorere ya kristu ifunguye 67,85,86,87.Fungura indege ya kirisiti ifite ubucucike buke bugaragaza ibyuma byinshi bidahujwe hamwe nimbaraga nyinshi, biteza imbere adsorption hamwe na reactivite88.Imbonerahamwe 1 irerekana ibintu byinshi byingenzi hamwe nuburyo bujyanye no kunoza imyumvire.Kubwibyo, muguhindura ibipimo bifatika, imikorere yo gutahura irashobora kunozwa, kandi ni ngombwa kumenya ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya sensor.
Yamazoe89 na Shimanoe n'abandi.68,71 bakoze ubushakashatsi butari buke ku buryo bwa teoritiki y’imyumvire ya sensor ndetse banasaba ibintu bitatu byingenzi byigenga bigira ingaruka ku mikorere ya sensor, cyane cyane imikorere ya reseptor, imikorere ya transducer, ningirakamaro (Ishusho 1b)..Imikorere ya reseptor bivuga ubushobozi bwubuso bwa MOS bwo gukorana na molekile ya gaze.Iyi mikorere ifitanye isano cyane nimiterere ya chimique ya MOS kandi irashobora kunozwa cyane mugutangiza abemera abanyamahanga (urugero, ibyuma bya NP nibindi MOS).Imikorere ya transducer bivuga ubushobozi bwo guhindura reaction hagati ya gaze nubuso bwa MOS mubimenyetso byamashanyarazi byiganjemo imbibi zingano za MOS.Rero, imikorere yimyumvire yibasiwe cyane nubunini bwa MOC nubucucike bwabanyamahanga.Katoch et al.90 yatangaje ko ingano yubunini bwa ZnO-SnO2 nanofibril yatumye habaho imiterere myinshi itandukanye kandi byongera sensibilité sensibilité, bihuye nibikorwa bya transducer.Wang et al.91 yagereranije ingano zitandukanye za Zn2GeO4 kandi yerekanaga ubwiyongere bwikubye inshuro 6,5 ibyiyumvo bya sensor nyuma yo gushyiraho imbibi zingano.Akamaro ni ikindi kintu cyingenzi cyerekana imikorere isobanura kuboneka kwa gaze imbere ya MOS imbere.Niba molekile ya gaze idashobora kwinjira no gukora hamwe na MOS y'imbere, ibyiyumvo bya sensor bizagabanuka.Akamaro kajyanye cyane no gukwirakwiza ubujyakuzimu bwa gaze runaka, biterwa nubunini bwa pore yibikoresho byumva.Sakai n'abandi.92 yerekanye ibyiyumvo bya sensororo ya gazi hanyuma isanga uburemere bwa molekile ya gaze hamwe na radiyo ya pore ya sensor membrane bigira ingaruka kumyumvire ya sensor kumuhengeri utandukanye wa gaze ikwirakwizwa muri sensor ya membrane.Ibiganiro byavuzwe haruguru byerekana ko ibyuma byerekana ingufu za gaze zishobora gutezwa imbere no kuringaniza no guhindura imikorere ya reseptor, imikorere ya transducer, hamwe ningirakamaro.
Imirimo yavuzwe haruguru irasobanura uburyo bwibanze bwimyumvire ya MOS imwe kandi ikaganira kubintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya MOS.Usibye ibyo bintu, ibyuma bya gaze bishingiye kuri heterostructures birashobora kurushaho kunoza imikorere ya sensor mugutezimbere cyane imikorere ya sensor na reseptor.Mubyongeyeho, heteronanostructures irashobora kurushaho kunoza imikorere ya sensor mukuzamura reaction ya catalitiki, kugenzura iyimurwa ryamafaranga, no gukora imbuga nyinshi za adsorption.Kugeza ubu, ibyuma byinshi bya gaze bishingiye kuri MOS heteronanostructures byakozwe kugirango biganire ku buryo bwo kongera ubumenyi 95,96,97.Miller n'abandi.55 yavuze muri make uburyo bwinshi bushobora kunoza ibyiyumvo bya heteronanostructures, harimo nubuso bushingiye ku buso, bushingiye ku miterere, kandi bushingiye ku miterere.Muri byo, uburyo bushingiye ku guhuza imbaraga bushingiye ku buryo bworoshye burashobora gukwirakwira mu buryo bumwe mu buryo bumwe, kubera ko sensor zitandukanye zishingiye ku bikoresho bya heteronanostructures (urugero, nn-heterojunction, pn-heterojunction, pp-heterojunction, nibindi) birashobora gukoreshwa. .Ipfundo rya Schottky).Mubisanzwe, MOS ishingiye kuri heteronanostructures sensor buri gihe ikubiyemo uburyo bubiri cyangwa burenga sensor sensor 98,99,100.Ingaruka yo guhuza izi mikorere ya amplification irashobora kuzamura kwakira no gutunganya ibimenyetso bya sensor.Niyo mpamvu, gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo kwiyumvisha ibyuma bishingiye ku bikoresho bya nanostructures bitavanze ni ngombwa mu rwego rwo gufasha abashakashatsi guteza imbere ibyuma bya gaze munsi-bakurikije ibyo bakeneye.Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya geometrike yigikoresho irashobora kandi kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumyumvire ya sensor 74, 75, 76. Kugirango dusesengure buri gihe imyitwarire ya sensor, uburyo bwo kwiyumvisha ibikoresho bitatu bishingiye kubikoresho bitandukanye bya heteronanostructures bizerekanwa. kandi byaganiriweho hepfo.
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya sensor ya gaze ya MOS, hashyizweho MOS itandukanye ya hetero-nanostructures.Kwimura amafaranga kuri heterointerface biterwa nurwego rutandukanye rwa Fermi (Ef) yibigize.Kuri heterointerface, electron ziva kumurongo umwe hamwe na Ef nini kurundi ruhande hamwe na Ef ntoya kugeza urwego rwa Fermi rugeze kuringaniza, hamwe nu mwobo, nibindi.Noneho abatwara kuri heterointerface barashize kandi bakora urwego rwashize.Iyo sensor imaze guhura na gaze igenewe, icyerekezo cya heteronanostructures MOS itwara ibintu, kimwe nuburebure bwa bariyeri, bityo bikazamura ibimenyetso byerekana.Mubyongeyeho, uburyo butandukanye bwo guhimba heteronanostructures biganisha ku mibanire itandukanye hagati yibikoresho na electrode, biganisha ku bikoresho bitandukanye bya geometrike hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kumva.Muri iri suzuma, turasaba ibikoresho bitatu bya geometrike kandi tuganira kuburyo bwo kumva kuri buri cyiciro.
Nubwo itandukanyirizo rifite uruhare runini mubikorwa byo gutahura gazi, igikoresho cya geometrike ya sensor yose irashobora kandi kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumyitwarire yo gutahura, kubera ko aho umuyoboro wa sensor uherereye ushingiye cyane kubikoresho bya geometrie.Ibintu bitatu bisanzwe bya geometrike yibikoresho bya MOS byaganiriweho hano, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2. Mu bwoko bwa mbere, amasano abiri ya MOS yatanzwe ku buryo butemewe hagati ya electrode ebyiri, kandi aho umuyoboro uyobora ugenwa na MOS nkuru, icya kabiri ni icya kabiri gushiraho nanostructures ya heterogeneous kuva MOS itandukanye, mugihe MOS imwe gusa ihujwe na electrode.electrode irahujwe, hanyuma umuyoboro uyobora mubisanzwe uba imbere muri MOS kandi uhujwe na electrode.Ubwoko bwa gatatu, ibikoresho bibiri bifatanye na electrode ebyiri zitandukanye, biyobora igikoresho binyuze muburyo butandukanye hagati yibikoresho byombi.
Imirongo iri hagati yibintu (urugero: “SnO2-NiO”) yerekana ko ibice byombi bivanze gusa (ubwoko bwa I).Ikimenyetso cya "@" hagati yibihuza bibiri (urugero: "SnO2 @ NiO") byerekana ko ibikoresho bya scafold (NiO) bitatse hamwe na SnO2 muburyo bwa sensor ya II.Igicucu (urugero “NiO / SnO2”) cyerekana ubwoko bwa III igishushanyo mbonera.
Kuri sensor ya gaze ishingiye kuri MOS, ibintu bibiri MOS bigabanywa hagati ya electrode.Hakozwe uburyo bwinshi bwo guhimba kugirango hategurwe MOS igizwe, harimo sol-gel, coprecipitation, hydrothermal, electrospinning, hamwe nuburyo bwo kuvanga imashini 98,102,103,104.Vuba aha, ibyuma-ngengabihe (MOFs), icyiciro cyibikoresho bya kristaline byubatswe bigizwe na centre yicyuma hamwe n’ibihuza kama, byakoreshejwe nkicyitegererezo cyo guhimba ibihimbano bya MOS105,106,107,108.Birakwiye ko tumenya ko nubwo ijanisha ryibigize MOS ari kimwe, ibiranga sensibilité birashobora gutandukana cyane mugihe ukoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora.109.110 Urugero, Gao nabandi 109 bahimbye ibyuma bibiri bishingiye kuri MoO3 ± SnO2 bihwanye na atome imwe. (Mo: Sn = 1: 1.9) ugasanga uburyo butandukanye bwo guhimba buganisha kumyumvire itandukanye.Shaposhnik n'abandi.110 yatangaje ko imyifatire ya SnO2-TiO2 hamwe na gaze ya H2 itandukanye n’ibikoresho bivangwa n’imashini, ndetse no ku kigereranyo kimwe cya Sn / Ti.Iri tandukaniro rivuka kuko isano iri hagati ya MOP na MOP ingano ya kristallite iratandukanye nuburyo butandukanye bwa synthesis109.110.Iyo ingano yimiterere nubunini bihuye mubijyanye nubucucike bwabaterankunga nubwoko bwa semiconductor, igisubizo kigomba kuguma kumera niba guhuza geometrie bidahindutse 110.Staerz n'abandi.111 yatangaje ko ibimenyetso biranga SnO2-Cr2O3 intoki-sheath (CSN) nanofibers hamwe nubutaka SnO2-Cr2O3 CSNs byari bimwe, byerekana ko morfologiya ya nanofiber ntacyo itanga.
Usibye uburyo butandukanye bwo guhimba, ubwoko bwa semiconductor ya MOSFETs ebyiri zitandukanye nabwo bugira ingaruka kumyumvire ya sensor.Irashobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri ukurikije niba MOSFETs ebyiri zubwoko bumwe bwa semiconductor (nn cyangwa pp ihuza) cyangwa ubwoko butandukanye (pn ihuza).Iyo ibyuma bya gaze bishingiye kuri MOS igizwe nubwoko bumwe, muguhindura igipimo cyimitsi ya MOS zombi, igisubizo cyimyumvire iranga ntigihinduka, kandi ibyiyumvo bya sensor birahinduka bitewe numubare wa nn- cyangwa pp-heterojunctions.Iyo igice kimwe cyiganje muri compteur (urugero 0.9 ZnO-0.1 SnO2 cyangwa 0.1 ZnO-0.9 SnO2), umuyoboro wogutwara ugenwa na MOS yiganje, bita umuyoboro wa homojunction 92.Iyo ibipimo byibice byombi bigereranijwe, hafatwa ko umuyoboro wogutwara wiganjemo heterojunction98,102.Yamazoe n'abandi.112,113 yatangaje ko akarere ka heterocontact yibice byombi bishobora kuzamura cyane ibyiyumvo bya sensor kuko inzitizi ya heterojunction yashizweho kubera imikorere itandukanye yibigize ishobora kugenzura neza umuvuduko wa moteri ya sensor ihura na electron.Imyuka itandukanye y'ibidukikije 112,113.Ku mutini.Igishushanyo 3a cyerekana ko sensor zishingiye kuri SnO2-ZnO fibrous hierarchical structure hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya ZnO (kuva 0 kugeza 10 mol% Zn) bishobora guhitamo Ethanol.Muri byo, sensor ishingiye kuri fibre ya SnO2-ZnO (mol 7% sensitivite 90 Ariko, hamwe niyongera kwiyongera mubirimo bya ZnO kugeza kuri mol 10%.Icyerekezo gisa nacyo kigaragara kuri sensor zishingiye kuri NiO-NiFe2O4 pp heterojunction igizwe nibintu bitandukanye bya Fe / Ni (Ishusho 3b) 114.
SEM amashusho ya fibre ya SnO2-ZnO (7 mol.% Zn) hamwe na sensor yitabira imyuka itandukanye hamwe na 100 ppm kuri 260 ° C;54b Ibisubizo bya sensor bishingiye kuri compte ya NiO na NiO-NiFe2O4 kuri 50 ppm ya gaze zitandukanye, 260 ° C;114. gaze kuri 350 ° C uhindura igipimo cya molar ya Sn / Co 98
Ibigize pn-MOS byerekana imyitwarire itandukanye bitewe na atomic ratio ya MOS115.Muri rusange, imyitwarire yimyumvire ya MOS igizwe cyane cyane na MOS ikora nkumuyoboro wibanze wa sensor.Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa cyane kuranga ijanisha ryibigize hamwe na nanostructure yibigize.Kim et.98 yemeje uyu mwanzuro muguhuza urukurikirane rwa xSnO2 ± (1-x) Co3O4 igizwe na nanofibers ya electrospinning no kwiga imiterere ya sensor.Babonye ko imyitwarire ya sensor ya SnO2-Co3O4 yavuye kuri n-ubwoko ijya kuri p-kugabanya ijanisha rya SnO2 (Ishusho 3c) 98.Byongeye kandi, ibyuma byiganjemo ibyuma byifashishwa (bishingiye kuri 0.5 SnO2-0.5 Co3O4) byagaragaje igipimo cyinshi cyo kwanduza C6H6 ugereranije na sensor ya homojunction yiganje (urugero, SnO2 cyangwa sensor ya Co3O4).Kurwanya cyane kwinshi kwa 0.5 SnO2-0.5 Co3O4 ishingiye kuri sensor hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bukomeye bwo guhindura sensor rusange muri rusange bigira uruhare runini kuri C6H6.Byongeye kandi, inenge zidahuye zikomoka kuri SnO2-Co3O4 heterointerfaces zirashobora gukora imbuga za adsorption zikoreshwa kuri molekile ya gaze, bityo bikazamura sensor109,116.
Usibye ubwoko bwa MOS bwa semiconductor, imyitwarire yo gukorakora ya MOS irashobora kandi gutegurwa ukoresheje chimie ya MOS-117.Huo et al.117 yakoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo gutekesha-guteka kugirango ategure ibihimbano bya Co3O4-SnO2 hanyuma asanga ku kigereranyo cya Co / Sn molar ya 10%, sensor yerekanaga p-reaction yo gutahura H2 hamwe nubwoko bwa n-sensitivite kuri H2.igisubizo.Sensor ibisubizo kuri gaze ya CO, H2S na NH3 irerekanwa mumashusho 4a117.Ku gipimo gito cya Co / Sn, homojunctions nyinshi ikora kumupaka wa SnO2 ± SnO2 nanograin kandi ikerekana n-sensor ibisubizo kuri H2 (Ishusho 4b, c) 115.Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa Co / Sn kugera kuri mol 10.%, mu mwanya wa SnO2-SnO2 homojunctions, Co3O4-SnO2 itandukanyirizo ryakozwe icyarimwe (Ishusho 4d).Kubera ko Co3O4 idakora kubijyanye na H2, kandi SnO2 ikora cyane hamwe na H2, reaction ya H2 nubwoko bwa ogisijeni ionic iba cyane cyane hejuru ya SnO2117.Kubwibyo, electron zimukira kuri SnO2 na Ef SnO2 zihinduranya umurongo uyobora, mugihe Ef Co3O4 idahindutse.Nkigisubizo, kurwanya sensor byiyongera, byerekana ko ibikoresho bifite igipimo kinini cya Co / Sn byerekana imyitwarire yubwoko bwa p (ishusho 4e).Ibinyuranye, imyuka ya CO, H2S, na NH3 ikora hamwe nubwoko bwa ogisijeni ionic hejuru ya SnO2 na Co3O4, hanyuma electron zikava muri gaze zikajya kuri sensor, bigatuma igabanuka ryuburebure bwa bariyeri hamwe nubwonko bwa n (Ishusho 4f)..Iyi myitwarire ya sensor itandukanye iterwa na reaction zitandukanye za Co3O4 hamwe na gaze zitandukanye, ibyo bikaba byemejwe na Yin nabandi.118.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Katoch n'abandi.119 yerekanye ko ibice bya SnO2-ZnO bifite guhitamo neza no kumva neza H2.Iyi myitwarire ibaho kubera ko H atom ishobora kwandikwa byoroshye kuri O imyanya ya ZnO kubera kuvanga gukomeye hagati ya s-orbital ya H na p-orbital ya O, biganisha kuri metallisation ya ZnO120,121.
a Co / Sn-10% imbaraga zo kurwanya imbaraga zo kugabanya imyuka isanzwe nka H2, CO, NH3 na H2S, b, c Co3O4 / SnO2 igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana uburyo bwa H2 kuri m% m.Co / Sn, df Co3O4 Mechanism yo kumenya H2 na CO, H2S na NH3 hamwe na Co / Sn / SnO2 igizwe cyane
Kubwibyo, turashobora kunonosora ibyiyumvo byubwoko bwa I duhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo guhimba, kugabanya ingano yingano yibigize, no guhitamo igipimo cyimyororokere ya MOS.Mubyongeyeho, gusobanukirwa byimbitse ya chimie yibikoresho byoroshye birashobora kurushaho kunoza guhitamo sensor.
Ubwoko bwa sensor yuburyo bwa II nubundi buryo bukoreshwa cyane bwa sensor bushobora gukoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye bya nanogene yubatswe, harimo na "shobuja" nanomaterial imwe na nanomaterial ya kabiri cyangwa niyo ya gatatu.Kurugero, ibikoresho bimwe cyangwa bibiri-bishushanyijeho imitako hamwe na nanoparticles, intoki-shell (CS) hamwe nibikoresho byinshi bya heteronanostructures bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwa sensor sensor ya II kandi bizaganirwaho muburyo burambuye hepfo.
Kubikoresho bya mbere bya heteronanostructure (bitatse heteronanostructure), nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2b (1), imiyoboro iyobora sensor ihujwe nibikoresho fatizo.Bitewe no gushiraho imiterere itandukanye, nanoparticles yahinduwe irashobora gutanga imbuga zifatika za gaz adsorption cyangwa desorption, kandi irashobora no kuba umusemburo wo kunoza imikorere109,122,123,124.Yuan et al.41 yavuze ko gushushanya nanowire ya WO3 hamwe na CeO2 nanodots bishobora gutanga imbuga nyinshi za adsorption kuri CeO2 @ WO3 heterointerface hamwe na CeO2 kandi bikabyara amoko menshi ya ogisijeni ya chemisorbed kugirango yitabe acetone.Gunawan n'abandi.125Kubaho kwa Au NPs birashobora kuba umusemburo utera itandukanyirizo rya molekile ya ogisijeni muri ogisijeni ya lattice kugirango okiside ya acetone.Ibisubizo nkibi byabonetse na Choi n'abandi.9 aho umusemburo wa Pt wakoreshwaga mu gutandukanya molekile ya ogisijeni ya adsor mu bwoko bwa ogisijeni ionisiyoneri no kongera imbaraga za acetone.Muri 2017, itsinda rimwe ry’ubushakashatsi ryerekanye ko nanoparticles ya bimetallic ikora neza cyane muri catalizike kuruta icyuma kimwe cyiza cya nanoparticles, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5126. 5a ni igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibikorwa byo gukora NPs zishingiye kuri platine (PtM) zikoresha selile ya apoferritine hamwe impuzandengo yubunini buri munsi ya 3 nm.Noneho, ukoresheje uburyo bwa electrospinning, PtM @ WO3 nanofibers yabonetse kugirango yongere ibyiyumvo no guhitamo acetone cyangwa H2S (Ishusho 5b - g).Vuba aha, catalizike imwe ya atom (SACs) yerekanye imikorere myiza ya catalitiki mubijyanye na catalizike hamwe nisesengura rya gaze bitewe nuburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha atome hamwe nuburyo bwa elegitoronike bwahujwe127,128.Shin n'abandi.129 bakoresheje Pt-SA yometse kuri karubone nitride (MCN), SnCl2 na PVP nanosheets nkisoko yimiti kugirango bategure fibre ya Pt @ MCN @ SnO2 kugirango bamenye gaze.Nubwo ibintu bike cyane biri muri Pt @ MCN (kuva kuri 0.13 wt.% Kugeza kuri 0,68 wt. SnO2)..Iyi mikorere myiza yo gutahura irashobora kwitirirwa uburyo bwiza bwa atome bwa catalizike ya Pt SA hamwe nuburinganire buke bwimbuga za SnO2129.
Uburyo bwa Apoferritine bwuzuye uburyo bwo kubona PtM-apo (PtPd, PtRh, PtNi) nanoparticles;imbaraga za gaze zifite imbaraga za bd pristine WO3, PtPd @ WO3, PtRn @ WO3, na Pt-NiO @ WO3 nanofibers;bishingiye, kurugero, kumiterere yo guhitamo ya PtPd @ WO3, PtRn @ WO3 na Pt-NiO @ WO3 nanofiber sensor kugeza 1 ppm ya gaze ya gaze 126
Byongeye kandi, itandukanyirizo ryakozwe hagati yibikoresho bya scafold na nanoparticles birashobora kandi guhindura neza imiyoboro itwara imiyoboro ikoresheje uburyo bwo guhindura imishwarara kugirango tunoze imikorere ya sensor130,131,132.Ku mutini.Igicapo 6a cerekana sensor iranga SnO2 na Cr2O3 @ SnO2 nanowire yo kugabanya no guhumeka imyuka hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa bwa sensor131.Ugereranije na nanowire nziza ya SnO2, igisubizo cya Cr2O3 @ SnO2 nanowires yo kugabanya imyuka cyongerewe cyane, mugihe igisubizo cya gaze ya okiside ikabije.Ibi bintu bifitanye isano rya bugufi no kwihuta kwimiyoboro yimiyoboro ya SnO2 nanowire mu cyerekezo cya radiyo cyakozwe na pn heterojunction.Kurwanya sensor birashobora guhindurwa gusa muguhindura ubugari bwa EDL hejuru ya nanowire nziza ya SnO2 nyuma yo guhura no kugabanya imyuka ya gaze.Nyamara, kuri Cr2O3 @ SnO2 nanowires, DEL yambere ya SnO2 nanowire mu kirere yiyongera ugereranije na nanowire nziza ya SnO2, kandi umuyoboro woguhagarika urahagarikwa kubera ishyirwaho rya heterojunction.Kubwibyo, iyo sensor ihuye na gaze igabanya, electron zafashwe zirekurwa muri nanowire ya SnO2 hanyuma EDL ikagabanuka cyane, bikavamo sensibilité irenze nanowire nziza ya SnO2.Ibinyuranye, iyo uhinduye gaze ya okiside, kwaguka kwa DEL kugarukira, bikavamo sensibilité nkeya.Ibisubizo nkibi byo gusubiza byagaragaye na Choi nabandi, 133 aho Snow2 nanowire yashushanyijeho na p-WO3 nanoparticles yerekanaga uburyo bunoze bwo kumva ibyiyumvo byo kugabanya imyuka ya gaze, mugihe sensor ya n-imitako ya SnO2 yariyongereye kubyunvikana kuri gaze ya okiside.TiO2 nanoparticles (Igishusho 6b) 133. Igisubizo giterwa ahanini nimirimo itandukanye yimirimo ya SnO2 na MOS (TiO2 cyangwa WO3) nanoparticles.Muri p-ubwoko (n-ubwoko) nanoparticles, umuyoboro wogutwara ibintu (SnO2) waguka (cyangwa amasezerano) muburyo bwa radiyo, hanyuma, mugikorwa cyo kugabanya (cyangwa okiside), kurushaho kwaguka (cyangwa kugabanya) y'umuyoboro utwara SnO2 - imbavu) ya gaze (Ishusho 6b).
Uburyo bwo guhindura imirasire iterwa na LF MOS yahinduwe.Incamake y'ibisubizo bya gaze kuri 10 ppm kugabanya no guhumeka imyuka ishingiye kuri SnO2 na Cr2O3 @ SnO2 nanowires hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa bwa sensing igishushanyo mbonera;na gahunda ijyanye na WO3 @ SnO2 nanorods hamwe nuburyo bwo kumenya133
Mubikoresho bya bilayeri na multilayeri yububiko butandukanye, umuyoboro wogukoresha wigikoresho wiganjemo urwego (mubisanzwe urwego rwo hasi) muguhuza byimazeyo na electrode, hamwe na heterojunction yashizwe kumurongo wibice byombi irashobora kugenzura ubworoherane bwurwego rwo hasi .Kubwibyo, iyo gaze zikorana nigice cyo hejuru, zirashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumuyoboro wogutwara urwego rwo hasi hamwe no kurwanya 134 byigikoresho.Kurugero, Kumar n'abandi.77 yatangaje imyitwarire itandukanye ya TiO2 @ NiO na NiO @ TiO2 ibice bibiri kuri NH3.Iri tandukaniro rivuka kubera ko imiyoboro yo gutwara ya sensor ebyiri yiganje mubice byibikoresho bitandukanye (NiO na TiO2,), hanyuma itandukaniro mumiyoboro itwara imiyoboro iratandukanye77.
Bilayer cyangwa ibyiciro byinshi bya heteronanostructures bikunze gukorwa no gusuka, kubika atome (ALD) hamwe na centrifugation 56,70,134,135,136.Ubunini bwa firime hamwe nubusabane bwibikoresho byombi birashobora kugenzurwa neza.Igishushanyo cya 7a na b byerekana NiO @ SnO2 na Ga2O3 @ WO3 nanofilms zabonetse mugusuka kugirango tumenye Ethanol135,137.Nyamara, ubu buryo muri rusange butanga firime ziringaniye, kandi ziriya firime zirasa cyane ntabwo zumva neza ibikoresho bya 3D nanostructures bitewe nubuso buke bwihariye hamwe na gaze ya gaze.Kubwibyo rero, ingamba zamazi yo guhimba firime ya bilayeri hamwe nubuyobozi butandukanye nayo yasabwe kunoza imikorere yimyumvire yongera ubuso bwihariye41,52,138.Zhu et al139 yahujije tekinike na hydrothermal tekinike kugirango itange ZnO nanowire itumijwe cyane hejuru ya SnO2 nanowires (ZnO @ SnO2 nanowires) kugirango hamenyekane H2S (Ishusho 7c).Igisubizo cyayo kuri 1 ppm H2S yikubye inshuro 1,6 kurenza icya sensor ishingiye kuri ZnO @ SnO2 nanofilms.Liu n'abandi.52 yatangaje ko ikora cyane ya sensor ya H2S ikoresheje intambwe ebyiri muburyo bwo kubika imiti kugirango ihimbe urwego rwa SnO2 @ NiO nanostructures ikurikirwa no gutwika amashyuza (Ishusho 10d).Ugereranije na firime isanzwe ya SnO2 @ NiO ya bilayeri, imikorere yimikorere yimiterere ya bilayeri ya SnO2 @ NiO iratera imbere cyane kubera ubwiyongere bwubuso bwihariye 52,137.
Ibyuma bibiri bya sensor sensor ishingiye kuri MOS.NiO @ SnO2 nanofilm yo kumenya Ethanol;137b Ga2O3 @ WO3 nanofilm yo kumenya Ethanol;135c yategetse cyane SnO2 @ ZnO bilayeri imiterere yubuyobozi bwa H2S;139d SnO2 @ NiO bilayeri imiterere yubuyobozi bwo kumenya H2S52.
Ubwoko bwa II ibikoresho bishingiye kuri core-shell heteronanostructures (CSHNs), uburyo bwo kumva buragoye, kubera ko imiyoboro yo gutwara itagarukira gusa mugikonoshwa cy'imbere.Inzira zombi zo gukora hamwe nubunini (hs) bwa paki birashobora kumenya aho imiyoboro iyobora.Kurugero, mugihe ukoresheje uburyo bwo hasi-hejuru ya synthesis, imiyoboro itwara abantu iba igarukira kumbere yimbere, ibyo bikaba bisa muburyo bwububiko bubiri cyangwa ibikoresho byinshi (Ishusho 2b (3)) 123, 140, 141, 142, 143. Xu n'abandi.144 yatangaje uburyo bwo hejuru bwo kubona CSHN NiO @ α-Fe2O3 na CuO @ α-Fe2O3 ushyira igipande cya NiO cyangwa CuO NPs kuri nanorods ya α-Fe2O3 aho umuyoboro w'itumanaho wari ugarukira ku gice cyo hagati.(nanorods α-Fe2O3).Liu n'abandi.142 yanashoboye kugabanya umuyoboro wogutwara igice kinini cya CSHN TiO2 @ Si ushyira TiO2 kumurongo wateguwe na silicon nanowires.Kubwibyo, imyitwarire yacyo yo kumva (p-ubwoko cyangwa n-ubwoko) biterwa gusa nubwoko bwa semiconductor ya silicon nanowire.
Nyamara, ibyatangajwe cyane na sensor ya CSHN (Ishusho 2b (4)) yahimbwe no kohereza ifu yibikoresho bya CS ikomatanya kuri chip.Muri iki kibazo, inzira yo kuyobora sensor igira ingaruka kubunini bwamazu (hs).Itsinda rya Kim ryakoze iperereza ku ngaruka za hs ku mikorere yo gutahura gaze maze batanga uburyo bushoboka bwo gutahura100,112,145,146,147,148. Byizerwa ko ibintu bibiri bigira uruhare muburyo bwo kwiyumvisha iyi miterere: (1) guhinduranya imirasire ya EDL y'igikonoshwa na (2) ingaruka z'umuriro w'amashanyarazi (Ishusho 8) 145. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko umuyoboro uyobora yabatwara ahanini bagarukira mugikonoshwa mugihe hs> λD ya shell layer145. Byizerwa ko ibintu bibiri bigira uruhare muburyo bwo kwiyumvisha iyi miterere: (1) guhinduranya imirasire ya EDL y'igikonoshwa na (2) ingaruka z'umuriro w'amashanyarazi (Ishusho 8) 145. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko umuyoboro uyobora yabatwara ahanini bagarukira mugikonoshwa mugihe hs> λD ya shell layer145. Считается, что в механизме воспрития этой гыастаствуют два унаа: (1) λD оболочки145. Byizerwa ko ibintu bibiri bigira uruhare muburyo bwo kwiyumvisha iyi miterere: (1) guhinduranya imirasire ya EDL y'igikonoshwa na (2) ingaruka zo kuvanga umurima w'amashanyarazi (Ishusho 8) 145. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko umuyoboro wogutwara utwarwa ahanini mugikonoshwa mugihe hs> λD ibishishwa145.Byizerwa ko ibintu bibiri bigira uruhare muburyo bwo gutahura iyi miterere: (1) guhinduranya imirasire ya DEL ya shell na (2) ingaruka zo gusiga amashanyarazi (Ishusho 8) 145.研究 人员 提到 传导 通道 当 壳层 的 hs> λD145 时 ， 载 流 子 的 数量 主要 局限于 壳层。 > λD145 时 ， 载 流 子 的 数量 主要 局限于 壳层。 Исследователи отметили, что Кан проводимости Когда hs> λD145 оболочки, количесто носите би в основном ограничено оболощой. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko umuyoboro uyobora Iyo hs> λD145 yikibabi, umubare wabatwara ugarukira cyane mugikonoshwa.Kubwibyo, muburyo bwo guhindura moderi ya sensor ishingiye kuri CSHN, moderi ya radiyo yo kwambara DEL yambaye (Igicapo 8a).Nyamara, kuri hs ≤ λD yigikonoshwa, uduce twa ogisijeni twamamajwe nigikonoshwa hamwe na heterojunction ikorerwa kuri CS ya heterojunction yabuze burundu electron. Kubwibyo, umuyoboro wogutwara ntabwo uri imbere mugikonoshwa gusa ahubwo no mubice igice cyibanze, cyane cyane iyo hs <λD ya shell layer. Kubwibyo, umuyoboro wogutwara ntabwo uri imbere mugikonoshwa gusa ahubwo no mubice igice cyibanze, cyane cyane iyo hs <λD ya shell layer. Поэтому Кан проводимости располагается не только внутри оболочечного слоя, но и частично в сердцевинной части, особенно при hs <λD оболочечного слоя. Kubwibyo, umuyoboro wogutwara ntabwo uri imbere mugikonoshwa gusa, ariko nanone igice mubice byingenzi, cyane cyane kuri hs <λD ya shell layer.因此 ， 传导 通道 不仅 壳层 壳层 内部 而且 部分 位于 s s hs <λD 时。 hs <λD 时。 Поэтому Кан проводимости располагается не только внутри оболочки, но и частично в сердцевине, особенно при hs <λD оболочки. Kubwibyo, umuyoboro wogutwara ntabwo uri imbere mugikonoshwa gusa, ariko nanone igice mubice, cyane cyane kuri hs <λD ya shell.Muri iki kibazo, igishishwa cya elegitoroniki cyuzuye cyuzuye hamwe nigice cyibanze cyagabanutse bifasha guhindura uburyo bwo guhangana na CSHN yose, bikavamo ingaruka umurizo wumuriro wumuriro (Ishusho 8b).Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakoresheje icyerekezo cya EDL igice cyigice aho gukoresha umurizo wumuriro wumuriro kugirango usesengure ingaruka hs100,148.Urebye iyi misanzu yombi ukurikije, modulisiyo yuzuye yo kurwanya CSHN igera ku gaciro kayo cyane iyo hs igereranijwe nicyatsi λD, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8c.Kubwibyo, hs nziza kuri CSHN irashobora kuba hafi yikikonoshwa λD, ibyo bikaba bihuye nubushakashatsi bwakozwe 99,144,145,146,149.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko hs ishobora no kugira ingaruka kumyumvire ya CSHN ishingiye kuri pn-heterojunction sensor 40,148.Li n'abandi.148 na Bai n'abandi.40 yakoze ubushakashatsi kuri gahunda ingaruka za hs kumikorere ya sensor ya pn-heterojunction CSHN, nka TiO2 @ CuO na ZnO @ NiO, muguhindura inzitizi ya ALD.Nkigisubizo, imyitwarire yimyumvire yahindutse kuva p-ubwoko ihinduka n-ubwoko hamwe no kwiyongera hs40,148.Iyi myitwarire iterwa nuko ubanza (hamwe numubare muto wa ALD cycle) heterostructures ishobora gufatwa nkibyahinduwe na heteronanostructures.Rero, umuyoboro wogutwara ugarukira kumurongo wibanze (p-ubwoko bwa MOSFET), kandi sensor yerekana imyitwarire ya p.Mugihe umubare wa ALD cycle uzamuka, urwego rwambitswe (n-ubwoko bwa MOSFET) ruhinduka quasi-rukomeza kandi rukora nkumuyoboro wogutwara, bikavamo n-sensibilité.Imyitwarire nkiyimyumvire yimyumvire yavuzwe kuri pn ishami rya heteronanostructures 150,151.Zhou n'abandi.150 yakoze iperereza kuri sensitivite ya Zn2SnO4 @ Mn3O4 ishami rya heteronanostructures ishami rya Zn2SnO4 hejuru ya nanowire ya Mn3O4.Iyo Zn2SnO4 nuclei zakozwe hejuru ya Mn3O4, hagaragaye sensibilité ya p.Hamwe no kwiyongera mubirimo Zn2SnO4, sensor ishingiye kuri Zn2SnO4 @ Mn3O4 heteronanostructures ihinduranya imyitwarire ya n-ubwoko bwa sensor.
Ibisobanuro byerekana uburyo bubiri bukora sensor ya CS nanowires irerekanwa.modulisiyo yo kurwanya bitewe no guhinduranya imishwarara ya elegitoroniki yatakaye, b Ingaruka mbi zo gusiga kuri modulisiyo yo kurwanya, na c Guhinduranya kwose kwa CS nanowire kubera guhuza ingaruka zombi 40
Mu gusoza, ubwoko bwa sensor ya II ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye bya nanostructures, kandi imikorere ya sensor iraterwa cyane na gahunda yimiyoboro.Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kugenzura umwanya wumuyoboro wogukoresha wa sensor no gukoresha moderi ikwiye ya heteronanostructures ya MOS kugirango wige uburyo bwagutse bwo kumva bwubwoko bwa II.
Ubwoko bwa sensor sensor ya III ntabwo isanzwe cyane, kandi umuyoboro wogutwara ushingiye kumyitozo ikorwa hagati ya semiconductor ebyiri ihujwe na electrode ebyiri.Ibikoresho byihariye bidasanzwe biboneka hakoreshejwe tekinoroji ya micromachining kandi uburyo bwabo bwo kwiyumvisha buratandukanye cyane nuburyo bubiri bwa sensor.Umurongo wa IV wa sensor ya Type III mubisanzwe ugaragaza ibimenyetso bisanzwe byo gukosora bitewe nuburyo butandukanye 48,152,153.I - V iranga umurongo mwiza wa heterojunction irashobora gusobanurwa nuburyo bwa thermionic bwohereza imyuka ya electron hejuru yuburebure bwa bariyeri ya heterojunction152,154,155.
aho Va ni voltage ya bias, A nigice cyibikoresho, k ni Boltzmann ihoraho, T nubushyuhe bwuzuye, q nubushakashatsi bwikinyabiziga, Jn na Jp ni umwobo hamwe nubucucike bwa electron.IS yerekana ibyuzuye byuzuye, bisobanuwe nka: 152,154,155
Kubwibyo, igiteranyo rusange cyimikorere ya pn biterwa nimpinduka yibitekerezo byabatwara ibicuruzwa hamwe nimpinduka muburebure bwa bariyeri ya heterojunction, nkuko bigaragara muburinganire (3) na (4) 156
aho nn0 na pp0 aribwo kwibanda kuri electron (umwobo) muburyo bwa n-ubwoko (p-ubwoko) MOS, \ (V_ {bi} ^ 0 \) nubushobozi bwubatswe, Dp (Dn) ni coefficient de diffuzione ya electron (umwobo), Ln (Lp) nuburebure bwikwirakwizwa rya electron (umwobo), ΔEv (ΔEc) ni ihinduka ryingufu zumurongo wa valence (bande ya conduction) kuri heterojunction.Nubwo ubucucike buriho buringaniye nubucucike bwabatwara, burasa cyane na \ (V_ {bi} ^ 0 \).Kubwibyo, impinduka rusange mubucucike bwa none biterwa cyane no guhinduranya uburebure bwa bariyeri.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kurema MOSFETs ya hetero-nanostructures (urugero, ubwoko bwa I nubwoko bwa II ibikoresho) birashobora kunoza imikorere yimikorere, aho kuba ibice byihariye.Kandi kubwoko bwa III ibikoresho, igisubizo cya heteronanostructure gishobora kuba hejuru yibice bibiri 48,153 cyangwa birenze igice kimwe76, bitewe nubumara bwibikoresho.Raporo nyinshi zerekanye ko igisubizo cya heteronanostructures kiri hejuru cyane ugereranije nikintu kimwe mugihe kimwe mubigize kitumva gazi yagenewe 48,75,76,153.Muri iki kibazo, gazi igenewe izahuza gusa nigice cyoroshye kandi itera ihinduka Ef ryurwego rworoshye kandi ihinduka muburebure bwa bariyeri.Noneho igiteranyo rusange cyibikoresho bizahinduka cyane, kubera ko bifitanye isano nuburebure bwa bariyeri ya heterojunction ukurikije ikigereranyo.(3) na (4) 48,76,153.Ariko, mugihe ibice byombi n-p na p-byunvikana kuri gaze igenewe, imikorere yo gutahura irashobora kuba ahantu hagati.José et al.sensor.Iyi phenomenon iterwa nuko SnO2 na NiO bagaragaza imyifatire itandukanye kuri NO276.Na none, kubera ko ibice byombi bifite sensibilité zitandukanye za gaze, birashobora kuba bifite imyumvire imwe yo kumenya okiside no kugabanya imyuka.Kurugero, Kwon n'abandi.157 yatanze icyifuzo cya NiO / SnO2 pn-heterojunction ya sensor ya gazi ukoresheje splique splique, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 9a.Igishimishije, sensor ya NiO / SnO2 pn-heterojunction yerekana icyerekezo kimwe kuri H2 na NO2 (Ishusho 9a).Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, Kwon n'abandi.157 yakoze ubushakashatsi kuri gahunda uburyo NO2 na H2 bihindura imyuka yabatwara kandi bigahuza \ (V_ {bi} ^ 0 \) byibikoresho byombi ukoresheje IV-biranga hamwe na mudasobwa (Ishusho 9bd).Igishushanyo cya 9b na c byerekana ubushobozi bwa H2 na NO2 bwo guhindura ubwikorezi bwabatwara ibyuma bishingiye kuri p-NiO (pp0) na n-SnO2 (nn0).Berekanye ko pp0 yubwoko bwa p-NiO yahindutse gato mubidukikije bya NO2, mugihe yahindutse cyane mubidukikije bya H2 (Ishusho 9b).Ariko, kuri n-ubwoko bwa SnO2, nn0 yitwara muburyo bunyuranye (Ishusho 9c).Hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisubizo, abanditsi banzuye ko igihe H2 yakoreshwaga kuri sensor ishingiye kuri NiO / SnO2 pn heterojunction, kwiyongera kwa nn0 byatumye Jn yiyongera, kandi \ (V_ {bi} ^ 0 \) bituma a kugabanuka mubisubizo (Ishusho 9d).Nyuma yo guhura na NO2, kugabanuka kwinshi muri nn0 muri SnO2 no kwiyongera gake kuri pp0 muri NiO bituma kugabanuka gukabije kwa \ (V_ {bi} ^ 0 \), ibyo bigatuma ubwiyongere bwibisubizo (Ishusho 9d) .
Uburyo bwo kwiyumvisha ibyuma bya gaze bishingiye ku miterere yigikoresho cyubwoko bwa III.Gusikana microscopi ya electron (SEM) amashusho yambukiranya ibice, p-NiO / n-SnO2 igikoresho cya nanocoil hamwe na sensor ya p-NiO / n-SnO2 nanocoil sensor ya heterojunction kuri 200 ° C kuri H2 na NO2;b, ibice byambukiranya SEM ya c-igikoresho, hamwe nigisubizo cyibikoresho byigikoresho gifite p-NiO b-layer na n-SnO2 c-layer.Rukuruzi ya b p-NiO hamwe na c n-SnO2 igipimo cya sensor kandi gihuza ibiranga I - V mumuyaga wumye na nyuma yo guhura na H2 na NO2.Ikarita-yuburyo bubiri yubucucike bwa b-umwobo muri p-NiO hamwe n ikarita ya c-electron mu gipimo cya n-SnO2 gifite igipimo cyamabara cyerekanwe hakoreshejwe software ya Sentaurus TCAD.d Ibisubizo byikigereranyo byerekana ikarita ya 3D ya p-NiO / n-SnO2 mumuyaga wumye, H2 na NO2157 mubidukikije.
Usibye imiterere yimiti yibikoresho ubwabyo, imiterere yigikoresho cyubwoko bwa III yerekana ko bishoboka gukora ibyuma byifashishwa na gaze yonyine, bidashoboka hamwe nibikoresho bya Type I na Type II.Bitewe numurima wamashanyarazi (BEF), pn heterojunction diode yubatswe ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kubaka ibikoresho bifotora kandi bikerekana ubushobozi bwo gukora ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma byerekana ubushyuhe bwicyumba munsi yubushyuhe74,158,159,160,161.BEF kuri heterointerface, iterwa no gutandukanya urwego rwa Fermi rwibikoresho, nayo igira uruhare mu gutandukanya ibice bya electron-umwobo.Ibyiza bya moteri yumuriro wa fotokoltaque ikoresha imbaraga nke ni ugukoresha ingufu nkeya kuko ishobora gukuramo ingufu zurumuri rumurikira hanyuma ikayobora ubwayo cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bito bidakenewe isoko y’amashanyarazi.Kurugero, Tanuma na Sugiyama162 bahimbye NiO / ZnO pn heterojunctions nkingirabuzimafatizo zizuba kugirango bakoreshe sensor ya polycrystalline ya CO2.Gad n'abandi.74 yatangaje ko icyuma gikoresha ingufu za fotokoltaque gishingiye kuri Si / ZnO @ CdS pn heterojunction, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 10a.Icyerekezo cyerekezo cya ZnO nanowires cyakuze muburyo bwa p-silicon substrate kugirango bibe Si / ZnO pn itandukanye.Noneho CdS nanoparticles yahinduwe hejuru ya ZnO nanowires ihindurwa nubutaka bwa chimique.Ku mutini.10a yerekana hanze ya Si / ZnO @ CdS ibisubizo byibisubizo bya O2 na Ethanol.Kumurika, umuyagankuba ufunguye (Voc) kubera gutandukanya ibice bibiri bya electron-umwobo mugihe cya BEP kuri heterointerface ya Si / ZnO yiyongera kumurongo hamwe numubare wa diode uhujwe74.161.Voc irashobora guhagararirwa nikigereranyo.(5) 156,
aho ND, NA, na Ni aribyo byibanda kubaterankunga, abemera, hamwe nabatwara imbere, kimwe, na k, T, na q nibintu bimwe nkibiri muburinganire bwabanje.Iyo ihuye na gaze ya okiside, ikuramo electron muri ZnO nanowires, bigatuma igabanuka rya \ (N_D ^ {ZnO} \) na Voc.Ibinyuranye, kugabanya gaze byatumye kwiyongera kwa Voc (Ishusho 10a).Iyo gushushanya ZnO hamwe na CdS nanoparticles, electron zifotora muri CdS nanoparticles zinjizwa mumashanyarazi ya ZnO hanyuma zigakorana na gaze yamamajwe, bityo bikongerera ubushobozi bwo kumva neza 74.160.Imashini isa na moteri ikoresha ingufu za gazi ya sensororo ishingiye kuri Si / ZnO byavuzwe na Hoffmann n'abandi.160, 161 (Ishusho 10b).Iyi sensor irashobora gutegurwa ukoresheje umurongo wa amine ikora ZnO nanoparticles ([3- (2-aminoethylamino) propyl] trimethoxysilane) (amino-ikora-SAM) na thiol ((3-mercaptopropyl) -yakozwe, kugirango ihindure imikorere yakazi ya gaze igenewe kugirango ihitemo neza NO2 (trimethoxysilane) (thiol-ikora-SAM)) (Ishusho 10b) 74,161.
Imashini ikoresha ingufu za gazi ya sensororo ishingiye kumiterere yicyuma cya III.icyuma gikoresha ingufu za fotokoltaque gishingiye kuri Si / ZnO @ CdS, uburyo bwo kwiyumvisha imbaraga hamwe na sensor igisubizo kuri okiside (O2) no kugabanya (1000 ppm ethanol) munsi yizuba;74b Yifashisha ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata amashanyarazi ashingiye kuri sensor ya Si ZnO / ZnO hamwe na sensor ibisubizo kuri gaze zitandukanye nyuma yo gukora ZnO SAM hamwe na amine ya terefone na thiols 161
Kubwibyo, mugihe muganira kuburyo bworoshye bwubwoko bwa III sensor, ni ngombwa kumenya ihinduka ryuburebure bwa bariyeri ya heterojunction hamwe nubushobozi bwa gaze kugirango igire ingaruka kubitwara.Byongeye kandi, kumurika birashobora kubyara abifotora bifata imyuka ya gaze, ikaba isezeranya gushakisha gaze ubwayo.
Nkuko byaganiriweho muri iki gitabo gisubirwamo, MOS itandukanye ya heteronanostructures yahimbwe kugirango imikorere ya sensor igerweho.Urubuga rwubumenyi rwashakishijwe kumagambo atandukanye yingenzi (icyuma cya oxyde oxyde, icyuma-cyuma cyuma cyuma, oxyde yicyuma, hamwe nisesengura rya gaze yonyine) hamwe nibiranga ibintu byinshi (ubwinshi, sensitivite / guhitamo, ubushobozi bwo kubyara ingufu, gukora) .Uburyo Ibiranga bitatu muri ibyo bikoresho bitatu bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Igitekerezo rusange cyo gushushanya ibyuka bya gaze ikora cyane byaganiriweho gusesengura ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi byasabwe na Yamazoe.Uburyo bukoreshwa na MOS Heterostructure Sensors Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe nibintu bigira ingaruka kuri sensor ya gaze, ibipimo bitandukanye bya MOS (urugero, ingano y ingano, ubushyuhe bwimikorere, inenge nubucucike bwa ogisijeni, indege zifunguye).Imiterere y'ibikoresho, nayo ni ingenzi ku myitwarire ya sensor, yirengagijwe kandi ntibikunze kuganirwaho.Iri suzuma rivuga uburyo bwibanze bwo kumenya ubwoko butatu bwimiterere yibikoresho.
Ingano yubunini bwimbuto, uburyo bwo gukora, numubare wa heterojunction yibikoresho byunvikana muburyo bwa sensor ya I birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumyumvire ya sensor.Mubyongeyeho, imyitwarire ya sensor nayo igira ingaruka ku kigereranyo cya molarike yibigize.Ubwoko bwa II ibikoresho byububiko (imitako ya heteronanostructures, bilayeri cyangwa firime nyinshi, HSSNs) nibikoresho bizwi cyane bigizwe nibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi, kandi igice kimwe gusa gihujwe na electrode.Kuri iyi miterere yibikoresho, kugena aho imiyoboro itwara hamwe nimpinduka zijyanye nabyo ni ngombwa mukwiga uburyo bwo kwiyumvisha.Kuberako ibikoresho byubwoko bwa II birimo ibyiciro byinshi bitandukanye bya heteronanostructures, hashyizweho uburyo bwinshi bwo kumva.Mu bwoko bwa III ibyumviro byubaka, umuyoboro wogutwara wiganjemo itandukanyirizo ryakozwe kuri heterojunction, kandi uburyo bwo kwiyumvisha buratandukanye rwose.Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa kumenya impinduka muburebure bwa bariyeri ya heterojunction nyuma yo kwerekana gaze igenewe ubwoko bwa III sensor.Hamwe niki gishushanyo, ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifotora byifashishwa mu kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa.Nyamara, kubera ko uburyo bwo guhimba bugezweho butoroshye kandi ibyiyumvo biri hasi cyane ugereranije na MOS ishingiye kuri gaze ya chemo irwanya gaze, haracyari iterambere ryinshi mubushakashatsi bwakozwe na moteri ya gaze yonyine.
Ibyiza byingenzi bya gaze ya MOS sensor hamwe na heteronical heteronanostructures ni umuvuduko no kumva neza.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ibibazo bimwe byingenzi byerekana ibyuma bya gaze ya MOS (urugero, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gukora, gutuza igihe kirekire, guhitamo nabi no kubyara, ingaruka z’ubushuhe, nibindi) biracyahari kandi bigomba gukemurwa mbere yuko bikoreshwa mubikorwa bifatika.Ibyuma bya gazi ya kijyambere ya MOS mubisanzwe ikora mubushyuhe bwinshi kandi ikoresha ingufu nyinshi, bigira ingaruka kumyanya ndende ya sensor.Hariho uburyo bubiri busanzwe bwo gukemura iki kibazo: (1) iterambere ryimbaraga nke za sensor sensor;(2) guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya byoroshye bishobora gukora mubushyuhe buke cyangwa no mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Bumwe mu buryo bwo guteza imbere ibyuma bikoresha ingufu nkeya ni ukugabanya ingano ya sensor muguhimba plaque ya microheating ishingiye kuri ceramika na silicon163.Ibyuma bishyushya bya ceramic bifata hafi mV 50-70 kuri sensor, mugihe icyuma cyiza cya silicon gishyizwe hejuru gishobora kumara mW 2 kuri sensor iyo ikora ubudahwema kuri 300 ° C163.164.Iterambere ryibikoresho bishya byunvikana nuburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mukugabanya ubushyuhe bwimikorere, kandi birashobora no kunoza sensor.Mugihe ingano ya MOS ikomeje kugabanuka kugirango yongere ibyiyumvo bya sensor, ituze ryumuriro wa MOS riba ikibazo cyingorabahizi, gishobora kuganisha ku kimenyetso cya sensor165.Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buteza ikwirakwizwa ryibikoresho kuri heterointerface no gushiraho ibice bivanze, bigira ingaruka kumiterere ya elegitoronike ya sensor.Abashakashatsi bavuga ko ubushyuhe bwiza bwo gukora bwa sensor bushobora kugabanuka muguhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye kandi bigateza imbere MOS heteronanostructures.Gushakisha uburyo buke bwubushyuhe bwo guhimba kristaline MOS heteronanostructures nubundi buryo butanga icyizere cyo kuzamura umutekano.
Guhitamo ibyuma bya sensor ya MOS nikindi kibazo gifatika kuko imyuka itandukanye ibana na gaze igenewe, mugihe sensor ya MOS ikunze kumva gaze zirenze imwe kandi akenshi ikagaragaza sensibilité.Kubwibyo, kongera guhitamo sensor kuri gaze igenewe kimwe nizindi myuka ningirakamaro mubikorwa bifatika.Mu myaka mike ishize ishize, ihitamo ryakemuwe igice cyubaka ibyuma byerekana ibyuma byitwa gazi bita "amazuru ya elegitoronike (E-izuru)" bifatanije na algorithm yo gusesengura kubara nko guhugura kwa vector (LVQ), isesengura ryibanze (PCA), n'ibindi e.Ibibazo byimibonano mpuzabitsina.Ibice byibuze byibuze (PLS), nibindi 31, 32, 33, 34. Ibintu bibiri byingenzi (umubare wa sensor, bifitanye isano rya hafi nubwoko bwibikoresho byunvikana, hamwe nisesengura ryo kubara) nibyingenzi mukuzamura ubushobozi bwamazuru ya elegitoroniki kumenya imyuka169.Ariko, kongera umubare wa sensor mubisanzwe bisaba inzira nyinshi zinganda zikora, kubwibyo rero ni ngombwa kubona uburyo bworoshye bwo kunoza imikorere yizuru rya elegitoroniki.Mubyongeyeho, guhindura MOS hamwe nibindi bikoresho birashobora kandi kongera guhitamo sensor.Kurugero, guhitamo H2 bishobora kugerwaho kubera ibikorwa byiza bya catalitiki ya MOS yahinduwe hamwe na NP Pd.Mu myaka yashize, abashakashatsi bamwe basize hejuru ya MOS MOF kugirango barusheho guhitamo sensor binyuze mu gukuramo ingano 171.172.Ahumishijwe niki gikorwa, imikorere yibikoresho irashobora gukemura ikibazo cyo guhitamo.Ariko, haracyari byinshi byo gukora muguhitamo ibikoresho byiza.
Gusubiramo ibiranga sensor yakozwe mubihe bimwe nuburyo bumwe nikindi kintu cyingenzi gisabwa kubyara umusaruro munini nibikorwa bifatika.Mubisanzwe, centrifugation nuburyo bwo kwibiza nuburyo buhendutse bwo guhimba ibyuma byinjira byinjira cyane.Nyamara, mugihe cyibikorwa, ibintu byoroshye bikunda kwegeranya kandi isano iri hagati yibintu byoroshye na substrate igacika intege68, 138, 168. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibyiyumvo no gutuza kwa sensor bigenda byangirika cyane, kandi imikorere ikabyara.Ubundi buryo bwo guhimba nka sputtering, ALD, pulsed laser deposition (PLD), hamwe no kubika imyuka yumubiri (PVD) bituma habaho gukora firime ya bilayeri cyangwa multilayeri MOS itaziguye kuri sisitemu ya silicon cyangwa alumina.Ubu buhanga bwirinda kubaka ibikoresho byoroshye, byemeza ko sensor yororoka, kandi bikerekana uburyo bushoboka bwo gukora umusaruro munini wa planar thin-firime sensor.Nyamara, ibyiyumvo byamafilime aringaniye muri rusange biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibikoresho bya 3D nanostructures bitewe nubuso buto bwihariye bwihariye hamwe na gaze nke ya 41.174.Ingamba nshya zo gukura MOS heteronanostructures ahantu runaka kuri microarray yubatswe no kugenzura neza ingano, ubunini, na morphologie yibikoresho byoroshye ningirakamaro muguhimba ibiciro bidahenze byo gukora urwego rwa wafer rufite imyororokere myinshi kandi ikabyumva.Kurugero, Liu n'abandi.174 yatanze igitekerezo cyo guhuriza hamwe hejuru-hasi na epfo-ruguru yo guhimba ibintu byinshi byinjira muri kristu ikura muri Ni (OH) nanowall 2 ahantu runaka..Wafers ya microburners.
Mubyongeyeho, ni ngombwa kandi gusuzuma ingaruka zubushuhe kuri sensor mubikorwa bifatika.Amazi ya molekile arashobora guhangana na molekile ya ogisijeni kumwanya wa adsorption mubikoresho bya sensor kandi bikagira ingaruka kumikorere ya sensor kuri gaze.Kimwe na ogisijeni, amazi akora nka molekile binyuze mumasemburo yumubiri, kandi irashobora no kubaho muburyo bwa hydroxyl radicals cyangwa hydroxyl mumatsinda atandukanye ya okiside ikoresheje chemisorption.Byongeye kandi, kubera urwego rwo hejuru hamwe nubushyuhe butandukanye bwibidukikije, igisubizo cyizewe cya sensor kuri gaze yagenewe nikibazo kinini.Hashyizweho ingamba nyinshi kugirango iki kibazo gikemuke, nka gaze preconcentration177, indishyi z’ubushuhe hamwe n’uburyo bwa lattice butandukanye 178, ndetse nuburyo bwo kumisha179.180.Nyamara, ubu buryo buhenze, buragoye, kandi bugabanya sensibilité ya sensor.Ingamba nyinshi zidahenze zasabwe guhagarika ingaruka zubushuhe.Kurugero, gushushanya SnO2 hamwe na Pd nanoparticles birashobora guteza imbere ihinduka rya ogisijeni ya adsorbed mu bice bya anionic, mugihe ikora SnO2 hamwe nibikoresho bifitanye isano cyane na molekile zamazi, nka NiO na CuO, nuburyo bubiri bwo gukumira ubushuhe buterwa na molekile zamazi..Sensors 181, 182, 183. Byongeye kandi, ingaruka zubushuhe nazo zirashobora kugabanuka ukoresheje ibikoresho bya hydrophobique kugirango ube hejuru ya hydrophobi 36,138,184,185.Nyamara, iterambere rya sensororo ya gaze irwanya ubushuhe iracyari kare, kandi harasabwa ingamba zihamye zo gukemura ibyo bibazo.
Mu gusoza, kunoza imikorere yo gutahura (urugero, ibyiyumvo, guhitamo, ubushyuhe buke bwo gukora) byagezweho mugukora MOS heteronanostructures, kandi hashyizweho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutahura.Mugihe wiga uburyo bwo kumva bwa sensor runaka, imiterere ya geometrike yibikoresho nayo igomba kwitabwaho.Ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bishya byifashishwa hamwe n’ubushakashatsi ku ngamba zigezweho zo guhimba bizasabwa kurushaho kunoza imikorere ya gaze ya gaze no gukemura ibibazo bisigaye mu gihe kiri imbere.Kugirango ugenzure neza ibiranga sensor, birakenewe ko twubaka muburyo buri hagati yuburyo bwubukorikori bwibikoresho bya sensor nigikorwa cya heteronanostructures.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwibisubizo byubuso hamwe nimpinduka ziterwa na heterointerface ukoresheje uburyo bugezweho bwo kuranga birashobora gufasha gusobanura uburyo bwimyumvire yabo kandi bigatanga ibyifuzo byiterambere ryimyumvire ishingiye kubikoresho bya heteronanostructures.Hanyuma, ubushakashatsi bwibikorwa bigezweho bya sensor birashobora kwemerera guhimba ibyuma bya gaze ntoya kurwego rwa wafer kubikorwa byabo byinganda.
Genzel, NN n'abandi.Ubushakashatsi bumaze igihe kirekire bwerekana urugero rwa dioxyde de azote yo mu nzu n'ibimenyetso by'ubuhumekero ku bana barwaye asima mu mijyi.abaturanyi.Icyerekezo cyubuzima.116, 1428–1432 (2008).
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-04-2022
